Carbonized high-voltage discharge tracks cross the surface of a polycarbonate sheet Heinrich Rudolf Hertz employed Lichtenberg dust figures in his seminal work proving Maxwell's electromagnetic wave theories. Negatively charged areas are considerably smaller and have a sharp circular or fan-like boundary entirely devoid of branches.
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If the charge areas were positive, a widely extending patch is seen on the plate, consisting of a dense nucleus, from which branches radiate in all directions. In addition to the distribution of colors thereby produced, there is also a marked difference in the form of the figure, according to the polarity of the electrical charge that was applied to the plate. The negatively electrified sulfur is attracted to the positively electrified areas of the plate, while the positively electrified red lead is attracted to the negatively electrified areas. ĭuring handling, powdered sulfur tends to acquire a slight negative charge, while red lead tends to acquire a slight positive charge. These electrified areas are then tested by sprinkling a mixture of powdered flowers of sulfur and red lead (Pb 3O 4 or lead tetroxide) onto the plate. This deposits stranded areas of charge onto the surface of the plate. This creates a sudden, small electrical discharge along the surface of the plate.
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A source of high voltage such as a Leyden jar (a type of capacitor) or a static electricity generator is applied to the needle, typically through a spark gap. The point is positioned very near or contacting the plate. Two-dimensional (2D) Lichtenberg figures can be produced by placing a sharp-pointed needle perpendicular to the surface of a non-conducting plate, such as of resin, ebonite, or glass. Although Lichtenberg only studied two-dimensional (2D) figures, modern high voltage researchers study 2D and 3D figures ( electrical trees) on, and within, insulating materials. This discovery was also the forerunner of the modern day science of plasma physics. By then pressing blank sheets of paper onto these patterns, Lichtenberg was able to transfer and record these images, thereby discovering the basic principle of modern xerography. After discharging a high voltage point to the surface of an insulator, he recorded the resulting radial patterns by sprinkling various powdered materials onto the surface. In 1777, Lichtenberg built a large electrophorus to generate high voltage static electricity through induction. When they were first discovered, it was thought that their characteristic shapes might help to reveal the nature of positive and negative electric "fluids". Lichtenberg figures are named after the German physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, who originally discovered and studied them. Lichtenberg figures are natural phenomena which exhibit fractal properties. Lichtenberg figures are now known to occur on or within solids, liquids, and gases during electrical breakdown.
The study of planar Lichtenberg figures along insulating surfaces and 3D electrical trees within insulating materials often provides engineers with valuable insights for improving the long-term reliability of high-voltage equipment. Lichtenberg figures are often associated with the progressive deterioration of high voltage components and equipment. The slight branching redness traveling up this person's leg was created by current from a nearby lightning strikeĪ Lichtenberg figure (German Lichtenberg-Figuren), or Lichtenberg dust figure, is a branching electric discharge that sometimes appears on the surface or in the interior of insulating materials. Structural differences between the "positive" and "negative" figures can be observed. Actual size: 80 mm × 80 mm × 50 mm (3 in × 3 in × 2 in) Lichtenberg figures are generated by a sliding spark discharge on the flask with a mixture of gases. Modern 3D Lichtenberg figures or " electrical treeing" in a block of clear acrylic, created by irradiating the block with an electron beam.
For the song "The Lightning Tree", see Follyfoot.
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